DEFORMATION - FOLDING, FAULTING

Title & Description	Activity	More Ideas and Video
Banana benders Using a banana to simulate geological structures	Banana benders	Video
Collapsing volcanoes - cauldron subsidence (ELI+) Forming circular ‘cauldron subsidence’ in jelly ‘volcanoes’	Collapsing volcanoes
Deformed Trilobites Using fossils to estimate the distortion of rocks	Deformed trilobites	Video
Fluids, friction and failure How can unseen fluids affect the movement along faults and glacier beds?	Fluids, friction, failure
From folds to crustal shortening: visualising past processes by calculation (ELI+) Modelling folding by calculation – thinking through the assumptions	Folds to crustal shortening
Himalayas in 30 seconds! Making a miniature fold mountain range in an empty box	Himalayas in 30 seconds!	Extension Teaching video Video
Isostasy 1 (ELI+) Modelling the state of ‘balance’ of the Earth’s outer layers	Isostasy 1	Kitchen isostasy 1
Isostasy 2 (ELI+) ‘Bouncing back’ after the ice	Isostasy 2	Kitchen isostasy 2
Isostasy - “Hooray and up she rises!” How a rising mountain chain can reveal its hidden secrets	Rising mountains
Margarine mountain-building Making mountains every time you make a sandwich	Margarine mountains
Modelling Earth stresses with your hands Hand modelling of compression, tension and shear in the Earth	Modelling Earth stresses with your hands
Modelling faulting – by hand Using your hands to demonstrate different fault features	Modelling faulting - by hand
Modelling folding – by hand Using your hands to demonstrate different fold features	Modelling folding - by hand
Squeezed out of shape Detecting the distortion after rocks have been affected by Earth movements	Squeezed out of shape	Teaching video
Swiss roll surgery Investigating geological structures and their outcrops using sponge rolls	Swiss roll surgery
Valley in 30 seconds - pulling rocks apart Investigating faulting in an empty box	Valley in 30 seconds	Extension Teaching video Video
View from above: living tectonism What was it like to be there – on top of a mountain-building collision?	View from above
Visualising plunging folds - with your hands and a piece of paper Using your hands and folded/torn paper to show the patterns made by plunging folds	Plunging folds with your hands and paper

IGNEOUS PROCESSES

Title & Description	Activity	More Ideas and Video
Crystallisation in a pudding dish Simulating the formation and growth of crystal lattices	Crystallisation in a pudding dish
Igneous rocks: Why do igneous rocks have different crystal sizes? (ELI+) Simulating crystallisation from a melt at different rates of cooling	Crystals in igneous rocks	Teaching video
Partial melting - simple process, huge global impact (ELI+) How partial melting, coupled with plate tectonics, has changed the chemistry of our planet	Partial melting	Extension
Partial melting model and real rock (ELI+) Comparing a model with reality to develop understanding of the partial melting process	Partial melting model and real rock
See how they run Investigate why some lavas flow further and more quickly than others	See how they run	Teaching video
Unfair ‘build your own crystal’ race (ELI+) A crystal building ‘race’ showing the greater the time available, the larger the crystals	Unfair ‘build your own crystal’ race
Volcano and dykes/jelly and cream - radial dykes (ELI+) Intruding cream radial ‘dykes’ into jelly ‘volcanoes’ until they erupt	Volcanoes and radial dykes
Volcano in the lab (ELI+) Modelling igneous processes in wax and sand	Volcano in the lab	Teaching video Extension

METAMORPHIC PROCESSES

Title & Description	Activity	More Ideas and Video
Metamorphism - that’s Greek for ‘change of shape’ isn’t it? What changes can we expect when rocks are put under great pressure in the Earth?	Metamorphism	Extension Teaching video Video (16+)
Metamorphic aureole in a tin (ELI+) Investigate what controls the changes in temperature around an igneous intrusion	Metamorphic aureole
Metamorphic processes: controlled by depth, temperature and pressure (ELI+) What factors control metamorphism?	Factors controlling metamorphic processes

PLATE TECTONICS

Title & Description	Activity	More Ideas and Video
Continental jigsaw puzzle (ELI+) Can you reassemble a supercontinent from a ‘jigsaw puzzle’?	Continental jigsaw puzzle	Teaching video
Continental split - the opening of the Atlantic Ocean Modelling how the continents moved, from Pangaea to today	Atlantic opening	Video
Continents in collision (ELI+) Modelling processes at a destructive (convergent) plate margin	Continents in collision	Extension Teaching video
Did the continents move for you? (ELI+) Plotting the movement of continents using apparent polar wandering curves	Polar wandering curves	Video
Earth time jigsaw puzzle Plot the moving continents, from the past to the future	Earth time jigsaw puzzle
Geobattleships Do earthquakes and volcanoes coincide?	Geobattleships	Teaching video
Heat transfer - The heat is on Modelling the movement of heat from the Earth’s core outwards	Heat transfer
Hotspots (ELI+) Modelling the movement of a plate across the globe	Hotspots
Magnetic stripes (ELI+) Modelling the symmetrical magnetic pattern of the rocks of the sea floor	Magnetic stripes	Teaching video
“Mantle plume” in a beaker – but not driving plates (ELI+) Mantle plumes ‘yes’ – but convection currents driving plates, probably ‘No’	Mantle plume
Marie Tharp: ‘The valley will be coming up soon’. Bruce Heezen: ‘What valley?’ ‘A woman scientist in a man’s world’ - what was it like?	Marie Tharp: ‘A woman scientist in a man’s world’
Melting and boiling - the influence of pressure (ELI+) How does a reduction in pressure lower melting and boiling points?	Pressure reduction on melting and boiling points
Model a spreading ocean floor offset by transform faults A model of the transform fault ‘steps’ in oceanic ridges and their magnetic stripes	Transform faults	Video Teaching Video
Ocean ridge: Which is the fastest spreading oceanic ridge? A map-based activity to find the most active oceanic spreading ridge	Fastest spreading ocean
Plate driving mechanisms: ‘All models are wrong’ - but some are really wrong Many textbook diagrams of plate-driving forces have arrows in the wrong places	Plate driving mechanisms
Plate margins: MarsTM margins - diverged, converged and transformed Modelling plate margins with a MarsTM Bar - apart, together and side by side	Plate margins and MarsTM bars	Teaching video
Plate margins: Faults in a MarsTM Bar Pulling apart a MarsTM Bar to model a divergent plate margin	Faults in a MarsTM Bar	Teaching video
Plate margins - movement by hand Modelling plate margins and plate movement with your hands	Plate margins and movement by hand	Teaching video
Plate riding (ELI+) Role-play plate-surfing to ask: ‘How is the plate you live on moving now?’	Plate riding	Teaching video
Plate tectonics through the window (ELI+) What might you see through a window or porthole at an active plate margin?	Plate tectonics through the window	Teaching videos
Plate tectonics: What drives the plates? Using a pupil model to demonstrate that slab pull is the main plate-driving force	What drives the plates?	Teaching video
Plate tectonics: What drives the plates? The evidence Examine the evidence for the different plate tectonic driving mechanisms	What drives the plates? The evidence	Teaching video
Plate tectonics: What drives the plates? In slab pull, what is it that pulls? Understanding how slab pull works through examining the data	What drives the plates? What is it that pulls?	Teaching video
Plate tectonics: What drives the plates? Modelling slab pull Modelling and discussing the slab pull plate-driving mechanism in the classroom	What drives the plates? Modelling slab pull	Video
Wandering continents What evidence enables us to reconstruct the ancient supercontinent of Pangaea?	Wandering continents
Wegener’s ‘Continental drift’ meets Wilson’s ‘Plate tectonics’ (ELI+) How Wegener’s continental drift evidence matches up with evidence for plate tectonics	Wegener’s ‘Continental drift’ meets Wilson’s ‘Plate tectonics’	Video
What do the top and bottom of a tectonic plate look like? Questions to test understanding of plate tectonic processes	Top and bottom of a tectonic plate
UPDATE: Recent research in plate tectonics UPDATE: Follow the Joides Resolution research ship at sea	UPDATE: Recent research in plate Tectonics (2020) UPDATE: Joides Resolution research ship (2020)

SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES

Title & Description	Activity	More Ideas and Video
Breaking up - classroom freeze-thaw weathering howing how freezing and thawing can break porous rocks in the classroom	Freeze-thaw weathering	Teaching video
Bucket for a pothole: visualising past processes by calculation (ELI+) Modelling river pothole-formation by calculation – thinking through the assumptions	Bucket for a pothole
Cracking apart (ELI+) Simulating the weathering or rocks in a desert environment	Cracking apart	Teaching video
Changing coastlines Investigating how wave erosion, transportation and deposition can change the shapes of coastlines	Changing coastlines
Danger - quicksands! Why do some rocks give way when it rains hard?	Quicksands
Failing slopes Modelling how rock cliffs and slopes can collapse	Failing slopes
Dust bowl Investigating wind erosion	Dust bowl	Extension
Evidence from the deep freeze Photographs of glacial and periglacial landscapes	Glacial and periglacial landscapes
From river sediment to stripy rocks Modelling the build up of different layers of sediment as seen in sedimentary rocks	River sediment to stripy rocks
Grinding and gouging How moving ice can grind away rocks	Grinding and gouging	Video (Portuguese)
How can storms affect erosion rates? Predict what will happen to a landscape if it is affected by a storm	How can storms affect erosion rates?
How many sand grains are there in a bucket – or on a beach? Planning activities to estimate the number of sand grains in a bucket – or on a beach	How many sand grains are there in a bucket – or on a beach?
Ice power (ELI+) Freezing water in a syringe to measure expansion	Ice power
Ice-thickness from scratch: visualising past processes by calculation (ELI+) Modelling glacial striation-formation by calculation – thinking through the assumptions	Ice thickness from striations
Karstic scenery - in 60 seconds Modelling the chemical weathering of limestone	Karstic scenery
LegoTM method of showing weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition Using LegoTM bricks to demonstrate sedimentary processes	LegoTM bricks and sedimentary processes
Mighty river in a small gutter: Investigating small-scale sedimentary processes AND modelling mighty rivers The ‘Mighty River in a small gutter’ Earthlearningidea activity used at different scales	River processes at different scales	Teaching video
Rock, rattle and roll Investigating the resistance of rocks to erosion by shaking in a plastic container	Rock, rattle and roll	Teaching video Metamorphism - that’s Greek for ‘change of shape’ isn’t it?
Rock resistance - When are soft rocks tough, and hard rocks weak? A discussion about the toughness/resistance of rocks in different places	When are soft rocks tough, and hard rocks weak?
Rolling, hopping, floating and invisibly moving along Investigating how sediment is transported by water	Sediment transport in water	Teaching video
Sandcastles and slopes What makes sandcastles and slopes collapse?	Sandcastles and slopes
Shell shake - survival of the toughest Why is the fossil record incomplete?	Shell shake
Teacher - ‘What’s the difference between weathering and erosion?’ Addressing common misconceptions about weathering and erosion	Weathering and erosion
Waves - Making waves: a storm in a teacup? Three ways to make waves in a container of water: wind, earthquake and impact	Making waves: a storm in a teacup?
Weathering - rocks breaking up and breaking down Matching pictures and descriptions of weathered rocks with the processes of weathering that formed them	Weathering - rocks breaking up and breaking down	Teaching videos
‘World in a grain of sand’ What can a grain of sand tell us about its past?	‘A world in a grain of sand’

SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

Title & Description	Activity	More Ideas and Video
Beach, river, dune, mountain, plain - what layers might be preserved here? A discussion on what evidence might be preserved in rocks from different environments	What layers are preserved?
Bedding planes: What would it feel like to wriggle your toes on an ancient bedding plane as the sediment was being deposited? Clues from the present day about the origin of sedimentary rocks	Wriggling toes on ancient bedding planes
Cracking the clues Making your own cracking clues to the Earth’s past	Cracking the clues
How do sedimentary beds form? – and why can we see them? Demonstrating how the beds in sedimentary rocks are deposited	How do sedimentary beds form?
Modelling by hand ‘when the youngest rock is not on top’ Illustrating how rock sequences can have older rocks on top of younger one	Youngest rock is not on top
Modelling right way up or upside down? - modelling anti- and synforms by hand Use your hands to show how the beds in folds can be the right way up or inverted	Modelling anti- and synforms by hand
Modelling unconformity – by hand Using your hands to demonstrate how unconformities form	Modelling unconformity - by hand
Picturing puzzle structures Visualise and draw sedimentary structures from a verbal description	Picturing puzzle structures
Sand ripple marks in a tank How symmetrical ripple marks form in sand	Sand ripple marks in a tank	Extension Video
Sand ripple marks in a washbowl How asymmetrical ripple marks form in sand	Sand ripple marks in a washbowl	Extension Video
Sedimentary structures - cross-bedding and ancient currents Using cross bedding to find the directions of ancient currents	Cross-bedding and ancient currents
Sedimentary structures - cross-bedding and ‘way-up’ Using cross bedding to determine the way-up of a bed of sedimentary rock	Cross-bedding and ‘way-up’
Sedimentary structures - graded bedding Make your own graded bed - one depositional event, but with coarse to fine sediment	Graded bedding
Sedimentary structures - imbrication Which way did the river flow?	Imbrication
Sedimentary structures - load casts Interpreting odd bumps on the bases of beds	Load casts
Sedimentary structures - make your own cross-bedding Classroom activities to make and explain how cross-bedding forms	Make your own cross-bedding
Sedimentary structures - which sedimentary structures can you make? Making sedimentary structures in the classroom using simple apparatus and materials	Make your own sedimentary structures
Sedimentary structures - sole marks Evidence from the base of a sedimentary bed	Sole marks
Sedimentary structures - Picturing trace fossils and other strange shapes Visualise and draw trace fossils and sedimentary structures from a verbal description	Picturing trace fossils
What was it like to be there? – clues in sediment which bring an environment to life Bringing a depositional environment to life using evidence from sedimentary structures	Clues to ancient environments